Molecular phylogenetics, species diversity, and biogeography of the Andean lizards of the genus Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae).

作者: Noemí Goicoechea , José M. Padial , Juan C. Chaparro , Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher , Ignacio De la Riva

DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2012.08.017

关键词: ParaphylyMolecular phylogeneticsSpecies diversityProctoporusMonophylyGenusBiologyEuspondylusZoologyGymnophthalmidae

摘要: The family Gymnophthalmidae comprises ca. 220 described species of Neotropical lizards distributed from southern Mexico to Argentina. It includes 36 genera, among them Proctoporus, which contains six currently recognized occurring across the yungas forests and wet montane grasslands Amazonian versant Andes central Peru Bolivia. Here, we investigate phylogenetic relationships limits Proctoporus closely related taxa by analyzing 2121 base pairs mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND4) nuclear (c-mos) genes. Our taxon sampling 92 terminals all 15 additional representing most groups genus. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood Bayesian analyses recovered a congruent, fully resolved, strongly supported hypothesis that challenges previous hypotheses classifications, biogeographic scenarios. main results are: (i) discovery clade within are nested monotypic Opipeuter xestus (a genus consider junior synonym Proctoporus), two Euspondylus, therefore transferred Proctoporus; (ii) paraphyly bolivianus with respect P. subsolanus, is proposed as bolivianus; (iii) detection seven divergent reciprocally monophyletic lineages (five previously assigned bolivianus) considered confirmed candidate species, implies more awaiting formal description naming than in genus; (iv) rejection diversified following south north pattern parallel elevation Andes; (v) diversity result situ diversification through vicariance high Andes, at least five dispersals contributing forest species.

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