Pollinator diversity and reproductive success of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae) in anthropogenic and natural habitats

摘要: BACKGROUND Epipactis helleborine is an Eurasian orchid species which prefers woodland environments but it may also spontaneously and successfully colonise human-made artificial disturbed habitats such as roadsides, town parks gardens. It suggested that orchids colonising anthropogenic are characterised by a specific set of features (e.g., large plant size, fast flower production). However, not well known how pollinator diversity reproductive success E. differs in populations compared to from natural habitats, we wanted compare this between habitat types. METHODS Pollination biology, autogamy (roadside) (forest) were compared. Eight (four four human-disturbed ones) two seasons studied according height plants, length inflorescences, numbers juvenile shoots, flowering flowers, fruits. The number insect pollinators one populations. RESULTS Reproductive (the ratio the flowers fruits) was significantly higher than habitats. Moreover, plants larger those ones. In both types populations, main Syrphidae, Culicidae, Vespidae, Apidae Formicidae. With respect type pollinators' mouth-parts, chewing (39%), sponging (34%) chewing-sucking (20%) prevailed with (55%) mouth-parts (32%) dominated, while piercing-sucking insects accounted for 9% 4% respectively. DISCUSSION We suggest result visits their greater diversity, size growing our data clearly show opportunistic pollinators, wide spectrum pollinating insects. Summarising, rare example whose current range declining. Its ability make use anthropogenically altered has allowed its significant spatial expansion, even successful colonisation North America.