ACROCERID (INSECTA: DIPTERA) LIFE HISTORIES, BEHAVIORS, HOST SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA), AND DISTRIBUTION RECORDS

摘要: The family Acroceridae (Insecta: Diptera; "Small Headed Flies") are a seldom seen yet cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoids spiders. Recent host and distribution records presented here for six species acrocerids: Ogcodes borealis Cole, 1919; pallidipennis (Loew, 1866); Opcodes sp.; Acrocera bimaculata Loew, 1866; Turbopsebius sulphuripes 1869); Exetasis eickstedtae Schlinger, 1972. New hosts each fly are; O. borealis—Schizocosa rovneri Uetz Dondale, 1979, Pardosa spp.; pallidipennis—Schizocosa rovneri, Schizocosa OgcodesSp.—Anyphaena californica (Banks, 1904); bimaculata—Coras montanus (Emerton, 1890b); T. sulphuripes—C. montanus.Detailed field measurements behavioral observations spiders development described compared with known data. Examination these comparisons suggests that host–parasitoid relationships follow spider guild associations (i.e. ground/surface dwelling or those building webs in close contact surfaces), especially the Agelenidae. These affiliations probably result from combination spider’s web building, maintenance, hunting behaviors, oviposition activities, which dispose exhibiting behaviors to greater chances parasitoidism. factors act concert increase probabilities interactions. Compiled data indicate duration pupation may be related ambient temperature. Evidence is acrocerid larvae alter their hosts’ behavior parasitoids’ probability survival.