Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Disease in Rats: Involvement of Its Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Actions

摘要: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are the current hypothesized mechanisms for PD pathogenesis. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), major bioactive component of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (ChuanXiong), Family Apiaceae, reportedly has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory antioxidant effects. This study investigated role ‘TMP’ in preventing rotenone-induced neurobiological behavioral sequelae. A preliminary dose–response was conducted where rats received TMP (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) 4 weeks. Catalepsy, locomotor activity, striatal dopamine content, tyrosine hydroxylase “TH” α-synuclein immunoreactivity were evaluated. The selected dose (20 mg/kg) used western blot analysis Bax, Bcl2, DJ-1, immunohistochemical detection nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, addition to biochemical caspase-3 erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Results showed that significantly improved midbrain TH expression content as well motor deficits, compared rotenone-treated group. These results correlated reduction activity along improvement Bax/Bcl2 ratio also attenuated upregulation Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, downregulated neuroinflammation markers: NF-кB, iNOS, COX2, GFAP both striatum. Taken together, suggests entitled to, at least partially, deficits by virtue its anti-inflammatory, actions.