From overexploitation to sustainable use, an overview of 160 years of water extraction in the Amsterdam dunes, the Netherlands

摘要: Dune slacks are low-lying, nutrient-poor, species-rich, inter-dunal, seasonally flooded wetlands, amongst the most threatened habitats in Dutch coastal dunes. Since 1853 Waternet has been extracting groundwater from dunes southwest of Haarlem to produce its drinking water. largely disappeared due desiccation caused by this water abstraction, over more than a century biodiversity declined as consequence. Increased societal concern pushed habitat restoration high on political agenda end 1980s. It was agreed do what is possible restore original dune without endangering supply. Far reaching interventions system were foreseen achieve mutual goal. To allow reliable decision making, entire hydrological history production Amsterdam Dunes since and ecological consequences evaluated 10-year study period. The main tool 3D model constructed using all information gathered date calibrated long-term monitoring data available widely extended for purpose, which modeling added with vegetational inventories. These scientific tools used assess proposed be decided upon, aimed at finding new balance between extraction nature restoration. In 1996 2007 large-scale measures taken, include filling recovery canals, mowing, grazing sod-cutting support native plant communities wet slack habitats. Results these terms natural conditions shown together first results vegetation that resulted combined taken 1995.