Astrophysical Electron Beams

摘要: The first astronomical elementary particles discovered were cosmic rays and their collision products penetrating to ground level on Earth. All are beams at some time, but only the ones of solar origin still have directivity when arriving We shall call a population beam if mean velocity in rest frame background plasma is different from zero. This includes both an enhanced tail distribution bumps tail. Other, less energetic, clearly developed propagating through magnetospheric wind plasmas since been detected by spacecraft. Many more exist universe that cannot be studied situ. In Chapter 5 we already met type III bursts caused coronal electron beams. Beams proposed, for example, connection with hard X-ray flares, quasar jets, supernovae, pulsar ejections. Signatures include many kinds radiation: bremsstrahlung collisional interactions background, atomic nuclear excitation subsequent emission deexcitation line radiation, synchrotron various coherent emissions. chapter limited problem return currents intensive beams, topic general interest plasmas, outlined Section 6.1. non-linear evolution electrostatic instability its saturation presented brief 6.2. radiation emissivity calculated 6.3 used interpret radio observations. Hard observations introduced 6.4 combined use diagnostic purposes.