Current medical and surgical management of Raynaud's syndrome.

摘要: Raynaud's syndrome (RS) is characterized by episodic digital ischemia induced cold or emotional stress. Pathophysiologic mechanisms include temporary vasospasm and fixed artery obstruction. A number of pharmacologic invasive therapies have been studied to treat RS symptoms; however, there are no specific treatments that currently approved the U.S. Food Drug Administration specifically for RS. Of available agents, calcium-channel blockers remain preferred initial treatment vasospastic RS, although many vasodilators found be efficacious. Vasodilators less effective in treating obstruction, universally beneficial, phosphodiesterase V inhibitors gaining popularity. Invasive may a role selective cases. In this review, current evidence summarized.