TOXICITY OF PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OILS UNDER CONTINUOUS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: APPLICABILITY TO DISPERSANT USE DECISIONS IN SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING

摘要: ABSTRACT As part of efforts to develop standardized testing protocols under the Chemical Response Oil Spills Environmental Research Forum (CROSERF) and apply results real-world scenarios, three types oils two dispersants were tested in both continuous short-term spiked exposures using early life-stages several marine organisms. Test species included embryo-larval stages Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), mysids (Holmesimysis costata Mysidopsis bahia), fishes (turbot, Scophthalmus maximus inland silverside, Menidia beryllina). Oils physically dispersed seawater by vortex mixing a flask chemically same approach with COREXIT® 9527 or 9500 applied 10:1 oil-to-dispersant ratio generate maximum exposure concentrations. Continuous tests followed standard for 96-hour 48-hour duration, according demands test species. Spiked reflect diluti...