Coexistence regulations and agriculture production: A case study of five Bt maize producers in Portugal

摘要: Abstract In 1998, Genetically Modified (GM) maize entered European Agriculture. After the publication of Commission's guidelines on coexistence in 2003, Portugal developed ex-ante regulatory and ex-post tort liability rules GM non-GM crops. There is an on-going debate extent to which policies affect adoption. this study we measure costs benefits planting as a member cooperative. All group members achieved higher gross margin by rather than their farms. Group did not face any had zero they could easily internalize regulations. The results show that regulations such informing neighbors or keeping minimum distances do necessarily lead increased production provided are flexible enough.