A stochastic version of the Price equation reveals the interplay of deterministic and stochastic processes in evolution

摘要: Evolution involves both deterministic and random processes, of which are known to contribute directional evolutionary change. A number studies have shown that when fitness is treated as a variable, meaning each individual has distribution possible values, then the mean variance distributions evolution. Unfortunately most general mathematical description evolution we have, Price equation, derived under assumption offspring phenotype fixed values exactly. The equation thus poorly equipped study an important class processes. I present for change incorporates stochastic processes applies any evolving system. This essentially version but it independently contains terms with no analog in Price's formulation. shows effects selection actually amplified by variation fitness. It also generalizes tendency populations be pulled towards phenotypes minimum fitness, this matched maximum positive asymmetry term, having captures cases parents direct effect on their offspring. Directional influenced entire not just variance. Though all moments individuals' change, ways they do so follow some rules. These rules invisible because describes retrospectively. An equally prospective compliments influence more diverse than generally been recognized.