Beyond static spatial management: Scientific and legal considerations for dynamic management in the high seas

摘要: Abstract Natural and human stressors in the high seas act across a wide range of spatial temporal scales. These include direct interaction such as fisheries bycatch or indirect like warming oceans plastic ingestion. Area-based management tools (ABMTs), marine protected areas time-area closures, are widely accepted broadly successful form used to mitigate localized impacts on species ecosystems. Protection provides an opportunity for population recovery, which can then propagate outside closure. As United Nations negotiates new treaty conservation sustainable use biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, efforts design implement ABMTs at appropriate scales critical ensure that these protection measures most effective climate-ready face changing oceans. Here we identify four important – contemporary, intra-annual, multi-annual multidecadal aligning relevant ecological, oceanographic atmospheric processes. From this, explore how managers decision-makers integrate this knowledge when implementing treaty.