Pukapukan and the NO-EPn Hypothesis: Extensive Late Borrowing by Pukapukan

摘要: That East Polynesian (EPn ) and the Northern Outliers (NO) subgroup together as NO-EPn within larger Nuclear (NPn is supported with 73 shared innovations given in an earlier publication by Wilson, 130 newly identified this paper. The major challenge to hypothesis a proposal that Pukapukan EPn form unique P-EPn subgroup, either apart from all other NPn languages or NO possibly also Tuvaluan Tokelauan. Closely related Pukapuka (rather than Central Outliers) served “staging post” for settlement of Polynesia. lexicon includes both words directly inherited Proto-Nuclear (PNPn indirectly PNPn through borrowing languages. Here I investigate whether any uniquely (or are inherited. absence such indicates there no subgroup. Instead, quite late history , Tokelauan-like borrowed heavily Tahitic some additional borrowings spoken on Tikopia nearby Outliers.