Life cycle environmental and economic implications of small drinking water system upgrades to reduce disinfection byproducts.

摘要: Abstract Many of the small drinking water systems in US that utilize simple filtration and chlorine disinfection or alone are facing byproduct (DBP) noncompliance issues, which need immediate upgrades. In this study, four potential upgrade scenarios, namely GAC, ozone, UV30, UV186 were designed for a typical compared terms embodied energy, carbon footprint, life cycle cost. These scenarios to either reduce amount DBP precursors using granular activated (the GAC scenario) ozonation ozone scenario), replace with UV at different intensities followed by chloramination UV30 scenarios). The scenario was found have lowest energy (417 GJ/year) cost ($0.25 million dollars), while has footprint (21 Mg CO 2 e/year). consistently presents highest environmental economic impacts. major contributors impacts individual also differ. Energy and/or material consumptions during operation phase dominate infrastructure investments noticeable contribution costs. results sensitive changes quality. An increase raw quality, i.e., an organic precursor content, could potentially result being least intensive scenario, decrease quality greatly overall competitiveness scenario.