Antioxidants as a Treatment and Prevention of Tardive Dyskinesia

摘要: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term dopaminergic antagonists following exposure to L-dopa, amphetamine, metoclopramide, cinnarizine, flunarizine other substances. The term tardive refers to: classical TD (bucco-lingual-masticatory triad), akathisia, dystonia, tremor extrapyramidal subsyndromes. mechanisms remain unclear, although pathophysiologic theories have proposed such as dopamine receptor supersensitivity, degeneration cholinergic striatal interneurons, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depletion, an excess free radicals. Though a wide range medications for treatment has been studied, management this distressful side effect remains significant problem therapeutic conundrum physicians. According current concepts, antioxidants vitamins antioxidative agents may be considered active components putative therapies because inhibit radical distractive activities. This chapter focuses on evidence from clinical basic science studies support role (vitamins B6 E, omega-3, ginkgo biloba, piracetam) potential neuroprotective compounds effective prevention TD.