Confirmation of hawkmoth pollination in Habenaria epipactidea: Leg placement of pollinaria and crepuscular scent emission

摘要: Abstract In his landmark work on the pollination biology of South African plants in 1954, Stefan Vogel described deposition Habenaria epipactidea (= H. polyphylla ) pollinaria forelegs hawkmoth Hippotion celerio . The discovery a large, well-pollinated population Eastern Cape allowed us to confirm presence this unusual pollen placement number species shorter-tongued hawkmoths. long-tongued Agrius convolvuli is likely function as nectar thief length tongue relative spur ensures that are unlikely come into contact with viscidia. legitimate pollinators removed large proportion from flowers and majority had deposited their stigmas. Despite this, transfer efficiency was relatively low at 8.4%. We also examined scent production show volatile increases markedly after 18:00, peaking around 20:00. dominated by methyl benzoate which makes up 99.4% floral osmophores located lateral petals labellum, confirming Vogel's observations Soutpansberg (Zoutpansberg).