Biological Control of Insect Pests in Agroecosystems: Effects of Crop Management, Farming Systems, and Seminatural Habitats at the Landscape Scale: A Review

摘要: There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the simplification land uses associated with strong dependence on agrochemical inputs decreasing environmental quality, threatening biodiversity, and increasing likelihood pest outbreaks. The development farming systems greater reliance ecosystem services, such as biological control insect pests, should increase sustainability agroecosystems. However, factors responsible for maintenance or enhancement natural remain unclear. goal this review is, therefore, expose which elements, from field landscape scale, influence enemy populations regulation. We present here principal effects seminatural habitats, systems, crop management abundance pests their control, view evaluating relative importance identifying key elements regulate interactions. Because range spatial temporal scales experienced by these organisms, we advocate, in studies investigating trophic relations clear description cropping an explicit consideration habitats more generally surrounding landscape. Through review, also indicate gaps knowledge demonstrate interest linking agronomy ecology understand interactions, maximize limit pesticide applications. Quantifying both local fundamental step design assessment ecologically sound integrated strategies farmers.