Monogenea (platyhelminthes) as hazards for fish in confinement

摘要: Abstract Occurrences of large-scale, parasite-related fish diseases have increased as the number and size hatcheries, mass culture facilities, public private desplay aquaria grown. This increase is due to concentration hosts parasites in confined quarters resulting enhanced opportunity for infestations epizootics. Monogeneans, usually well accommodated their nature causing few easily detectable effects, frequently cause severe epizootics cultured or aquarium-held populations. In such cases, short, direct, one-host life cycles monogeneans enable them reach epizootic levels very quickly when are closely together. Also, despite high host-specificity wild some may infest numbers other several many species Further, debilitating attacks by these helminths be accompanied invasions viruses, bacteria, fungi. Such invasion via portals entry caused trauma feeding attachment worms. Blood-feeding transmit disease directly. When single mixed-species host populations under stress, monogeneans, like normally benign parasites, become pathogenic. Stress results from any factor, combinations factors including: poor sanitation, nutrition, water quality, overcrowding, behaviorally incompatible species, improperly designed systems aquaria. Whatever route infestation associated flora fauna, health growth impaired heavy parasite attack. Deaths not uncommon. Culturists aquarists alike must take precautions against monogenean-related disease. Foremost among design thoughtful utilization adequate holding display adherence acquisition introduction procedures, ICES (International Council Exploration Seas) methods. Careful quarantine with thorough monitoring quality paramount. Chemical prophylaxis possible should practiced needed. occur, they often do precautions, chemical treatments introduced. persist, stocks harvested discarded. aquaria, isolation treatment infested individuals useful. If this fails, destruction recommended. The best measure parasitic avoidance prevention. Effective sanitation critical rigorously applied. These aspects monogenean infestation, pathology, prevention described discussed.