Longitudinal Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Among Male and Female Adolescents

摘要: Using ecological theory and the peer socialization model, current study identified risk protective factors associated with internalizing externalizing symptoms across domains. It was hypothesized that constellation of within microsystem would vary by gender: future optimism negative influence were expected to be significant risk/protective for males, whereas victimization among females. four waves data, three-level hierarchical linear models estimated males Results revealed a particularly salient factor both behaviors although did not emerge as factor. In addition, hypothesized, indicators Parent-child conflict also significantly positively Implications are discussed.