Demographic changes in the Luangwa Valley elephants

摘要: Abstract A ground level survey of elephants in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, revealed an altered population for characteristics measured approximately 10 years earlier by other investigators. Frequencies new-borns, yearlings, and two-year-olds relative to adult females were nearly half values reported a decade earlier. This apparent drop calving rate could not be attributed rainfall. Other factors, including stress from poaching, are discussed. Adult sex ratio favoured 2·5 1, which departs strikingly near-even The possible relationship between skewed reproductive success this is