Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze

摘要: Every year, from December to April, anthropogenic haze spreads over most of the North Indian Ocean, and South Southeast Asia. The Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) documented this Indo-Asian at scales ranging individual particles its contribution regional climate forcing. This study integrates multiplatform observations (satellites, aircraft, ships, surface stations, balloons) with one- four-dimensional models derive aerosol forcing resulting direct, semidirect two indirect effects. consisted several inorganic carbonaceous species, including absorbing black carbon clusters, fly ash, mineral dust. striking result was large loading aerosols Asian region Ocean. January March 1999 visible optical depths were about 0.5 continent reached values as 0.2 equatorial ocean due long-range transport. layer extended high 3 km. Black contributed 14% fine particle mass 11% depth. single-scattering albedo estimated by independent methods consistently around 0.9 both inland open ocean. Anthropogenic sources much 80% (±10%) in situ data, which clearly support existence first effect (increased concentration producing more cloud drops smaller effective radii), are used develop a composite scheme. impact radiative through complex set heating (positive forcing) cooling (negative processes. Clouds emerge major players. dominant factor, however, is negative (-20±4 W m^(−2)) comparably atmospheric heating. Regionally, decreased solar radiation an amount comparable 50% total heat flux nearly doubled lower tropospheric We demonstrate general circulation model how additional significantly perturbs tropical rainfall patterns hydrological cycle implications global climate.