Comprehensive estimation of spatial and temporal migratory connectivity across the annual cycle to direct conservation efforts

摘要: Migratory connectivity is the degree to which populations are linked in space and time across annual cycle. Low indicates mixing of while high population separation or time. High migratory makes individual susceptible local environmental conditions; therefore, evaluating continuously a species range important for understanding differential trends revealing places times contributing these differences. The common nighthawk Chordeiles minor widespread, declining, long‐distance bird. Variable breeding suggest that knowledge needed direct conservation. We used GPS tags track 52 individuals from 12 populations. estimated as 0.29 (Mantel coefficient: 0 = no connectivity, 1 = full connectivity) between wintering grounds. then at every latitude (spatial day (temporal migration smoothed those estimates produce continuous ‘profiles'. Spatial temporal were highest during through North America (around 0.3–0.6), with values generally around 0 Central South due along route similar timing found peaks spatial associated crossing Gulf Mexico. simulations estimate probability our method missed (spatial: 0.12, temporal: 0.18) detected false 0.11, 0.37) data gaps showed approach remains useful even sparse and/or sporadic location data. Our study presents generalizable full cycle can be focus bird conservation towards where more likely limited.