Conditioning Processes in Opioid Dependence and in Relapse

摘要: Although conditioning may play a role in the development of tolerance to opioids (see Chapter 6), this phenomenon and physical dependence are basically unconditioned; that is, they can be demonstrated animal preparations virtually incapable acquiring classically conditioned responses. Thus, Wilder Frank (1948) reported depressant effects morphine methadone on flexor reflex chronic spinal dog, as well well-defined abstinence syndromes after abrupt withdrawal these drugs (hyperexcitability spontaneous “running” movements paralyzed hind limbs). Earlier, Shurrager Culler (1938, 1940) Shur-rager (1946) semitendinosus twitch could acute preparations; Dykman (1956) also described preparations. However, Kellogg et al. (1947) Deese (1949) were unable obtain recent Reinvestigating question, Lloyd (1969) demonstrate classical three drug-free dogs even maximum 2500 500 test trials; concluded at least adult skeletal motor response requires functional integrity supraspinal intraspinal pathways. Hence, have played no or dogs.