The motivation to use drugs: a psychobiological analysis of urges.

摘要: Traditionally, theories of addiction have stressed that drug urges are characterized by dysphoria, occur in response to decreasing levels or effect, and associated with withdrawal symptoms/signs drug-antagonistic responses arising from a homeostatic mechanism. However, recent research has shown urges, self-administration, relapse all concomitant both positive negative affect, rising falling drug, drug-agonistic responses, as well antagonistic/withdrawal responses. In keeping theorizing about motivation emotions, we believe affective responding provides readout the motivational status an organism (e.g., Buck, 1985). We conceive affects, whose activation mediates pursuit self-administration. Moreover, affects represented neural networks comprising information on affect-relevant stimuli, meaning/expectancy. there two types urge networks. One, "positive-affect" network, is activated, associatively nonassociatively, appetitive especially actions activate "GO" incentive systems. Activation this network isodirectional responding, attentional focus dominant response, enhanced stimuli--especially drug. The operating characteristics positive-affect systems, result drug's instating feedback loop. Appetitive increase likelihood additional constitutes prepotent candidate among available stimuli. This loop may account part for cardinal features addiction: example, great once any sampled, attainment very high blood adjunctive stimuli while using second type labeled "negative-affect" it inappetitive consequences (punishment, signals punishment, frustrating lack reward, etc.) cues, which during course direct effects withdrawal). symptoms signs, seeking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)