Response of shoaling fish to the threat of aerial predation

摘要: Many species of shoaling fish are preyed upon by aerial predators. However, to date there has been no analysis the evasive response a group an threat or attack. The shoal encompasses suite behaviors starting with startle response. Shoals golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, responded predation from kingfisher model response, increase in depth, polarity, swimming opposite direction under predator, compression along depth axis, and expansion on plane perpendicular axis. It was hypothesized that axis serves predator confusion placing more predator's visual field. This termed ‘plane confusion’.