Proton Pump Inhibitors and Chronic Kidney Disease: Causation or Another False Alarm?

H.B. Xu, H.D. Wang, C.H. Li, S. Ye, M.S. Dong, Q.J. Xia, A.Q. Zhang, K. Pan, X.L. Ge, J.H. Dong, Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Genetics and Molecular Research. ,vol. 14, pp. 7490- 7501 ,(2015) , 10.4238/2015.JULY.3.25

Austin Bradford Hill, THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE: ASSOCIATION OR CAUSATION? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. ,vol. 58, pp. 295- 300 ,(1965) , 10.1177/0141076814562718

Jen-Tzer Gau, Yu-Xiao Yang, Roger Chen, Tzu-Cheg Kao, Uses of proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. ,vol. 21, pp. 553- 559 ,(2012) , 10.1002/PDS.3224

G Taubes, Epidemiology faces its limits Science. ,vol. 269, pp. 164- 169 ,(1995) , 10.1126/SCIENCE.7618077

Britta Haenisch, Klaus von Holt, Birgitt Wiese, Jana Prokein, Carolin Lange, Annette Ernst, Christian Brettschneider, Hans-Helmut König, Jochen Werle, Siegfried Weyerer, Melanie Luppa, Steffi G Riedel-Heller, Angela Fuchs, Michael Pentzek, Dagmar Weeg, Horst Bickel, Karl Broich, Frank Jessen, Wolfgang Maier, Martin Scherer, None, Risk of dementia in elderly patients with the use of proton pump inhibitors European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. ,vol. 265, pp. 419- 428 ,(2015) , 10.1007/S00406-014-0554-0

Mei-Ling Blank, Lianne Parkin, Charlotte Paul, Peter Herbison, A nationwide nested case-control study indicates an increased risk of acute interstitial nephritis with proton pump inhibitor use Kidney International. ,vol. 86, pp. 837- 844 ,(2014) , 10.1038/KI.2014.74

Marcia Angell, Jerome P. Kassirer, Clinical Research -- What Should the Public Believe? New England Journal of Medicine. ,vol. 331, pp. 189- 190 ,(1994) , 10.1056/NEJM199407213310309

Wai–Kit Lo, Walter W. Chan, Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. ,vol. 11, pp. 483- 490 ,(2013) , 10.1016/J.CGH.2012.12.011

Jameson R. Lam, Jennifer L. Schneider, Wei Zhao, Douglas A. Corley, Proton Pump Inhibitor and Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Use and Vitamin B12Deficiency JAMA. ,vol. 310, pp. 2435- 2442 ,(2013) , 10.1001/JAMA.2013.280490

Robert JF Laheij, Miriam CJM Sturkenboom, Robert-Jan Hassing, Jeanne Dieleman, Bruno HC Stricker, Jan BMJ Jansen, Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Use of Gastric Acid–Suppressive Drugs JAMA. ,vol. 292, pp. 1955- 1960 ,(2004) , 10.1001/JAMA.292.16.1955