On the founder effect and the evolution of altruistic traits

摘要: The possible mechanisms for the establishment of altruistic traits in a popula- tion have been discussed by several workers (e.g., Haldane, 1932; Fisher, 1958; Hamilton, 1963, 1964a,b, 1973). In agreement with terminology previous authors, we adopt here term altruist its biological meaning any inherited trait which reduces fitness individual carrier but is beneficial to neighboring population this carrier. sense, may be either behavioral, physiological, or biochemical. Altruistic can spread and maintained only if benefit endowed action an benefits other individuals more than it selfish same (Hamilton, 1963; Maynard- Smith, 1964). Without kinship structure recognizable indivi- dual, usually means that average frequency altruists area near must greater as whole. general, would case mobility mixing are not high enough overcome local random fluctuations gene (Wright, 1945). More specifically, whenever naturally divided into (not necessarily isolated) subpopulations demes, one measure demographic such probability arbitrary deme has born parents demes. shown (Eshel, 1972) there critical level under selection always operate altruist. If, on hand, demographical surpasses another value, will favor selfish. Moreover, these two values depend