Alternative and additional mechanisms to the hygiene hypothesis

摘要: The rising incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases is occurring on a background genes selected for strong immune responses. Possible mechanisms selection changed environmental factors that impact response are discussed. Reduced exposure infants to infections discussed elsewhere in this volume. Here we consider the role delayed as well additional could promote chronic immuno-inflammatory diseases. These include changes amount food consumed, dietary composition, sleep reduction lower energy expenditure due reduced exercise thermoneutrality built environment. Any or all these may result obesity, which proinflammatory state. Increases air pollution psychological stress and, finally, insufficiency vitamin D, discussed, also shift responsiveness towards