Sustainable use of organic resources for bioenergy, food and water provision in rural Sub-Saharan Africa

摘要: Abstract This paper reviews use of organic resources in rural Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), impacts on household energy, and interactions with provision food water. Wood, charcoal dung supply over 70% energy SSA, but improvements technologies, crop-residues human excreta could also contribute. Improving cookstoves is not enough to make woodfuel sustainable, reducing deforestation due demand by only 41–50%. Further reductions 21% are achieved using 23% anaerobic digestion cattle manure. Taken together, these measures reduce 70–100%. Burning loses a large proportion nitrogen needed for crop production, which be partially counteracted applying biochar from pyrolysis improve retention soil nitrogen. Better nutrient recycling would composting, this precludes provision. Both efficient provided digestion, carbon sequestration reduced compared composting or pyrolysis. Nevertheless, wider range waste materials may recycled the closed digester system, so dry together wet wastes likely provide best solution both energy. However, more water than and, if reduced, increase need irrigation. Therefore, limited areas, biogas digesters should installed integrated harvesting systems. Governments can encourage adoption sustainable technologies providing subsidies cover fixed costs, facilitating credit complementary infrastructure investments, improving standardisation quality control cookstove markets. Implementation work involve communities households, giving women role decision-making ensure community investment access.