Discharge estimation of submarine springs in the Dead Sea based on velocity or density measurements in proximity to the water surface

摘要: The Dead Sea is a closed lake, the water level of which lowering at an alarming rate about 1 m/year. Factors difficult to determine in its balance are evaporation and groundwater inflow, some emanate as submarine discharge. A vertical buoyant jet generated by difference densities between brine forms spring outlets. To characterize this flow field volumetric discharge, system was developed measure velocity density ascending across center stream along several horizontal sections equidistant depths while divers sampled spring. This also undertaken on artificial with known discharge quality measurements accuracy method. underwater widening linear independent temperature lower layers primarily determines surface upwelling, produced above flow, origin main mass brine. Based measurements, model presented evaluate distribution solute emanating jet. allows calculation merely requiring either maximum or minimal given depth.