Topical treatment in pain medicine: From ancient remedies to modern usage

摘要: Over several millennia, substances have been applied to the skin for treatment of pain. Some ingredients are in current use; others discontinued. Mechanisms action include interactions with nociceptive neural networks and inflammatory processes. Substances must penetrate stratum corneum barrier vehicles that enhance penetration developed. Topical drugs links past menthol, capsaicin, some opioids, local anesthetic agents NSAIDs. Mandragora is also described as an example a herbal remedy has discontinued due its toxicity. The future topical promising, advent new tailored specific pain mechanisms development both enhancers sterile preparation methods.