Biopharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Industries, Economics of

摘要: The biopharmaceutical and medical equipment industries have been major contributors to recent improvements in health outcomes also rising costs. These pose unique economic challenges for policymakers strategic firms. Characteristics that differentiate these from other addressed the economics literature include: high research development (RD complex regulation of RD importance intellectual property (IP); extensive insurance coverage a range approaches by payers different countries design appropriate controls on prices, reimbursement, access; global products face imperfect market segmentation between with vastly incomes, regulatory reimbursement regimes; emerging sectors, including personalized medicine biosimilars.