Climate limitations on the distribution and phenology of a large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

摘要: We studied climatic correlates of the geographic range a common large carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica (L., 1771)), which reaches farther north than any other Xylocopa in North America. Computational models species’ predicted that summer and winter temperatures limit its northern extent, whereas precipitation limits western extent. empirically evaluated constraints imposed by different seasons examining low-temperature tolerance X. virginica, timing activity during spring summer. The bee’s absolute (supercooling point) did not differ between two populations at mid- high latitudes, was excess requirements mean minimum temperature. Absolute temperature tolerances may directly influence measures cold tolerance, like exposure duration, might be more relevant. Between years within study population, emergence dates bee...