Memory: Levels of Processing

摘要: The idea that human memory depends on a set of stores varying capacities and retention characteristics is an appealing one, yet there are problems with this account. Craik Lockhart (1972) proposed alternative framework for research couched in terms processes or mental activities rather than structures. central notion the information-processing system organized hierarchically, from early (shallow) sensory analyses to later (deep) meaning. suggested performance related type carried out, deeper processing associated higher levels longer lasting traces. Maintenance elaborative rehearsal two types further processing; ‘maintenance’ holds information at same level whereas ‘elaborative’ connotes more meaningful processing. Only latter enhanced recall levels. short-term primary retained, but as continuing activity separate store. These ideas were illustrated series experiments reported by Tulving (1975). article ends review criticisms rebuttals perspective.