Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef

摘要: Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Government policy, consumerism and quality. Major ‘shocks’ to marketing include development of successful shipments chilled carcases Britain in 1930s, widespread disruption caused World War II, expansion (early 1950s) then a reduction exports (1956), introduction proliferation Bos indicus derived northern Australia (1960s), licensing upgrading abattoirs export USA consequential brucellosis tuberculosis eradication campaign leading record tonnages processing (1960–70). In 1980, increased Japan began, late 1980s high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, (280.5 kt) exceeded those (274.4 kt), signalling significant shift Asia. Commencing about 1986, recognised value Asian markets pioneered Australia. Australia’s share Japanese South Korean has under intense competition since time. Another major influence on market early 1990s was growth live Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines. Live accounted 152000 heads 1992 858000 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) consequent regulation supply even wet season, by-product campaign, were indirect drivers exports. Throughout period 1940–2000, domestic consumption veal declined from 68 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting other foods, perceptions price beef, periodic safety scares, vegetarianism, changes lifestyle eating habits lack consistency quality beef. Despite this decline, still consumes component (37%) total production. 1984–85, reform Meat Livestock Corporation set train directional change (‘New Direction’) sector response trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, changed industry’s culture being ‘production-driven’ ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began Australia, Korea establish consumer preferences attitudes price, appearance Definite requirements identified headings reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors introduced decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat texture, taste, smell, muscle size addressed. These historical shaped all accompanied modification production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, procedures, advertising promotion, retailing end-use. increasing importance service ‘Asian merge’ cuts usage restaurant meals take-away are most recognisable landscape. Cooperative Research Centre?s portfolio built around changing forces influencing 1990s. needed better understand genetic non-genetic factors affecting One example poor success rate grain-fed premium markets. relative contribution pre- post-slaughter ultimate Standards scheme launched 1997 address problem more detail. Centre contributed significantly initiative. year 2001, with only 2.5% numbers retains position number one trader. We 110 countries worldwide. is worth A$6 billion annually. diversity environments, genotypes provides us ability meet diverse specifications products. A new now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply producers seeking access lucrative European Union Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies bovine encephalopathy scrapie continuing concern Europe. This foot mouth outbreak 2001 potentially effects And sleeping giant, disease-free status Latin American Brazil, Uruguay Argentina continues emerge as threat Canada Taiwan. As past, science technology will play role Australia?s these forces.