Extended culture of macrophages from different sources and maturation results in a common M2 phenotype

摘要: Inflammatory responses to biomaterials heavily influence the environment surrounding implanted devices, often producing foreign-body reactions. The macrophage is a key immunomodulatory cell type consistently associated with and routinely used in short-term vitro studies of aiming reproduce host responses. Inconsistencies within these studies, including differently sourced cells, different durations culture, assessment activation markers, lead many conflicting results that confound consistency conclusions. We hypothesize experimentally popular monocyte–macrophage types have intrinsic culture-specific differences yield results. Recent demonstrate changes cultured cytokine expression over time, leading hypothesis phenotype also occur response extended culture. Here, cells transformed primary-derived origins were for 21 days on model polymer biomaterials. Cell type-based morphology cytokine/chemokine as well surface biomarkers differentiation stage, state, adhesion compared. Results reflect consistent development toward an M2 via up-regulation mannose receptor all following 21-day Significantly, experiencing encapsulation vivo elicit shift analogous phenotype. In “default” cultures, regardless lineage, this state presence at long culture periods not recognized, but has important implications modeling response. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2864–2874, 2015.