A Conceptual and Measurement Model for Norms and Roles

摘要: pattern of ideas that is learned by the members a social system. This makes role cognitive construct in mind an Actor--just another opinion or attitude, even if shared. How can such individual attribute be used to account for symbolic organization multiperson systems? A number writers define terms what person supposed do certain situation because his position. sounds as defined behavior, and has been interpreted way.5 Even though these theorists emphasize roles are always reciprocal Actor's interdependent with those all Others system, we left problem organization. If individual's ideal behavior determined position situation, how does become other persons? reciprocal? Should system relegated cultural its organization, personality there organizing processes any interaction, Parsons insists, which should implicit our concept role? It appears, therefore, one requirement definition it interactional supra-personal rather than * Revision paper read at Conference on Role Theory organized Bruce Biddle University Missouri, Columbia, Mo., March 1-2, 1962. We gratefully acknowledge support N.I.M.H. Mental Health Project Grants OM-306 307 developing research methods described here. Among many teachers colleagues from whom I have learned, wish intellectual indebtedness Oswald Hall, Robert MacLeod, Werner Landecker, Dorwin Cartwright, Theodore Newcomb, Muzafer Sherif. 1 Cf. Jay Jackson, "A Space Conceptualizing Person-group Relationships," Human Relations, 12(1959), pp. 3-14; "Normative Structure Educational Systems," Washington Classroom Social System, St. Louis, January 15-17, 2 "Structural Characteristics Norms," Nelson B. Henry (ed.), Dynamics Instructional Groups, Chicago: Chicago Press, 1960, 131-163. forthcoming publication includes studies groups organizations model utilized. See, Norms Roles: Studies Systematic Psychology, New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston (in preparation). 4 T. R. Sarbin, "Role Theory," G. Lindzey Handbook I, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1954. 5 example, Ralph Linton, The Cultural Background Personality, Appleton-Century, 1945; M. Dryden 1950; W. Coutu, "Role-playing vs. Role-taking: Appeal Clarification," American Sociological Review, 16 (1951), 180-187.