Lettuce cropping with less pesticides. A review

摘要: Agricultural intensification has increased crop productivity but decreased agroecosystem services. is occurring notably for horticultural crops such as lettuce. In conventional agriculture, lettuce protection achieved mostly by preventive applications of pesticides with about eight treatments a 60–90-day-long cycle in the Mediterranean region. However, new sustainable control strategies are needed due to pesticide impact on environment and human health, emerging resistance, stricter policies levels residues food. Here, we review knowledge methods allowing grow less pesticides. Advances shown based pest ecology pathogen agroecosystem. The major points follows: (1) community composition depends partly climatic conditions. identification pests pathogens that can threaten first step design innovative cropping systems dependent (2) numerous alternative techniques currently available should be combined pathogens. effects non-target organisms including poorly known so far. (3) Designing requires taking into account ecological interactions suitability different management low impact.