Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparative phylogeography of Philippine fauna and flora reveals complex patterns of colonization and diversification

摘要: An unusual geological setting and a high level of endemism makes the Philippine islands great interest to biogeography. These lie adjacent continental (Sunda) shelf, yet majority have never been directly attached mainland. Existing hypotheses colonization diversification processes tested across multiple taxa, but only in ahistorical contexts. We present explicit phylogenetic predictions based on these hypotheses, then test them using new molecular datasets for four birds. Two proposed routes northern Philippines (from mainland Asia Palawan) are difficult differentiate from each other, except basis outgroup, as two south (Sulu archipelago Sulawesi). find unique patterns taxon. results contrast with expectations Pleistocene geography, Luzon Mindoro indistinguishable genetically, Negros Panay often nonsister taxa. Combining data literature search studies addressing patterns, organisms shows some evidence route greatest support is Borneo. Many taxa exhibit events several routes, contrasting past assumptions single events. Island-by-island differentiation within follows, reflecting rather than particularly highland species. © 2008 The Linnean Society London, Biological Journal Society, 2008, 95, 620–639.