Non-thermal ionospheric plasma studies using the incoherent scatter technique

摘要: Abstract Non-thermal phenomena are a common occurrence in the aurora] ionosphere. The incoherent scatter technique is now frequently used to study several of features associated with departure plasma from thermal equilibrium configuration. In this review we limit our discussion E and F region phenomena. first observation that discuss large increase auroral electron temperature during periods strong convection electric fields. We illustrate these observations few examples summarize current state theoretical debate on heating by turbulent ion-acoustic waves. Strongly asymmetric spectra offer second example effect turbulence wave spectra. describe three different possible physical mechanisms which have been proposed literature. final part deals signature non-Maxwellian ion velocity distributions These appear presence field. theories dealing creation its spectrum were developed mid-1970s evolved 1980s. most important problem, currently, interpretation terms ionospheric parameters disturbed lead signatures. emphasize recent advances data analysis remaining limitations while evaluating direction future work subject.