Forbs: Foundation for restoration of monarch butterflies, other pollinators, and greater sage-grouse in the western United States

摘要: Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), other pollinators, and Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are currently the focus of increased conservation efforts. Federal attention on these fauna is encouraging land managers to develop strategies, often without corresponding financial resources. This could foster a myopic approach when allocating resources setting restoration priorities, at best, allow for inefficiencies in usage management resources, or, worst, pit one species (or suite species, e.g., pollinators) against another (e.g., sage-grouse). Instead, investing holistically by linking may provide improved leverage available more benefit landscape. Fortunately, western US rangelands, can all from that increases abundance diversity forbs. Establishing high density islands outplanted forb seedlings be way expedite restoration. Managers establishing forbs pollinators (including monarchs) would further increase food availability greater sage-grouse vice versa. Adding milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) appropriate areas mixtures warranted because they excellent nectar sources general sole host monarch larvae particular. Here, we an overview why keystone butterflies, how seeding outplanting specific critical