作者: Franco Malerba , Luigi Orsenigo
DOI: 10.1016/0048-7333(95)00840-3
关键词: Marketing 、 Specialization (functional) 、 Economics 、 Economic geography 、 Ranking 、 Knowledge base
摘要: This paper examines the patterns of innovative activities at technological and country levels, using patent data for 49 classes in six countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom Italy). It is shown that differ systematically across classes, but are remarkably similar each class. In particular, two groups identified: ‘Schumpeter Mark I’ II’. these structured organized different ways. The first represents a widening pattern: concentration low, innovators small economic size, stability ranking low entry new high. second deepening higher than group, larger greater, lower. former group comprises mechanical technologies traditional sectors, while latter includes chemicals electronics. This result suggests technology-related factors (such as regimes, defined terms conditions opportunity, appropriability, cumulativeness properties knowledge base) play major role determining specific pattern class countries. Within constraints, country-specific introduce differences class. Finally, relationships between features international specialization examined. Technological advantages appear general to be linked degrees asymmetries among innovators, smaller size innovating firms lower rates innovators. These relationships, however, classes. Schumpeter I (widening) associated with relatively (as well firm size) II (deepening) existence stable competitive core persistent