Silvicultural models to maintain and restore natural stand structures in Swedish boreal forests

摘要: Abstract Almost all productive Swedish forests have been managed for timber production a long period of time. More sensitive so-called red-listed species are today restricted to small remnant habitats in landscape matrix. It has hypothesized that natural biodiversity can be maintained if forest management mimics processes, blends structures and includes composition into the forest. The most important restoration measures boreal promoting increase number quality undisturbed forests, amounts coarse woody debris, deciduous trees, introduce fire as an ecological process. On basis current knowledge dynamics, we here present options three major site types Sweden which mimic dynamics better than traditional forestry. In stages, sites carried (1) Scots pine forest, (2) or Norway spruce dominated (3) regenerated by gap respectively. flora fauna characterize first two, fire-influenced considered relatively well-adapted kind large-scale disturbances characterizing these sites, therefore, modifications proposed within today's approach applying clear felling system. Sites seldom experience may host extremely disturbances. If such used production, modified forestry practices using selection shelterwood systems with dense shelterwoods suggested.