Predator‐dependent functional response in wolves: from food limitation to surplus killing

摘要: The functional response of a predator describes the change in per capita kill rate to changes prey density. This can be influenced by densities, giving predator-dependent response. In social carnivores which defend territory, rates also depend on individual energetic requirements group members and their contribution rate. study aims provide empirical data for wolves Canis lupus highly managed moose Alces alces population Scandinavia. We explored dependence, how relates wolf packs. Winter GPS-collared densities cervids were estimated total 22 periods 15 territories. adult identified as individuals responsible providing kills pack, while pups could described inept hunters. predator-dependent, asymptotic models (i.e. Hassell-Varley type II Crowley-Martin) performed best among set 23 competing linear, sigmoid models. Small packs acquired >3 times much biomass required sustain field metabolic (FMR), even at relatively low abundances. Large (6-9 wolves) less than territories with abundance. suggest surplus killing small is result an optimal foraging strategy consume only most nutritious parts easy accessible avoiding risk being detected humans. Food limitation may have stabilizing effect pack size wolves, supported observed negative relationship between body weight size.