Biological and psychosocial correlates of adult gender-variant identities: A review.

摘要: This article reviews research on biological and psychosocial factors relevant to the etiology of gender-variant identities. There is evidence for a genetic component identities through studies twins other within-family concordance specific genes. Evidence that prenatal androgens play role comes from have examined finger length ratios (2D:4D), prevalence polycystic ovary syndrome among female-to-male transsexuals, individuals with intersex related conditions who are more likely reassigned genders. also transsexuals parts their brain structure typical opposite birth-assigned gender. A greater likelihood non-right-handedness suggests developmental instability may contribute as factor. tendency persons report childhood abuse poor or absent relationship parents. It unclear if this cause effect identity. Parental encouragement gender-variance common later develop We conclude factors, especially androgen levels, in development identity it variables interaction these factors.