Risks associated with tandem release of large and small ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in heterospecific aphidophagous guilds

摘要: Multiple interactions occurring within aphidophagous guilds determine their final predation outcomes, i.e., antagonistic, additive, or synergistic. Based on these predatory the suitability of in suppressing aphid pests is determined. The present study assesses efficacy 11 guilds, formed from both larval and adult stages four locally abundant coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), while exploiting pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae). observed antagonistic effects are resultants enhanced predator–predator due to size diversity guild predators. Smaller ladybird predators maintained usual body mass, probably by increasing conversion efficiencies compensate for reduced prey consumption. However, larger ladybirds reported loss owing higher energy needs. overall growth rates were reduced. Among experimental mortalities relatively two-predator combinations, recorded those where Coccinella septempunctata was one