Gender and Educational Achievement: Stylized Facts and Causal Evidence

摘要: There are two well-established gender gaps in education. First, females tend to have higher educational attainment and achievement than males this is particularly the case for children from less advantaged backgrounds. Second, there large differences fields of specialization chosen by college even prior disproportionately enter highly paid fields. This review article begins with these stylized facts then moves on describe evidence role various factors affecting gender. Gender non-cognitive traits, behaviour, interests been shown relate outcomes; however, cannot generally be given a causal interpretation. In contrast, literature has creative estimating impacts wide range using experimental quasi-experimental variation. While approaches compelling, findings vary widely across studies often contradictory. may partly reflect methodological but also result substantial true heterogeneity systems time periods. The concludes evaluating what most responsible central gaps, whether policy reduce differences, imply about capacity tackle gaps.