Bet-hedging and the evolution of multiple mating

摘要: Two related bet-hedging hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of multiple mating by females. The first examines fitness females within a single type environment, and predicts that can increase reducing probability all female's eggs are fertilized poor-quality male. second across environments who mate times reduce their male is unsuited current environment. We tested whether actually provides benefits predicted models comparing geometric mean generations half-sib versus full-sib families milkweed bug, Lygaeus kalmii, reared on three different host plants. variance in (egg-to-adult survivorship) was always lower for offspring than families. This translated into an average 4.1% 1.3% among multiple-mated once-mated parents. These increases sufficient produce rapid replacement once-mating genotype multiple-mating genotype. conclude parents reduces variation fitness. suggest viable explanations at least some frequency observed insects.