Retinal ischemia and embolism. Causes and outcomes

摘要: The ocular fundus allows direct visualization of the retinal vasculature, blood vessels that are part cerebral circulation. Unraveling causes ischemia may provide further insight in pathophysiological processes underlie ischemia. primary aim studies described this thesis was to elucidate causes, pathophysiology, and prognostic implications symptoms (transient monocular blindness infarction) presence asymptomatic emboli several patient populations. In addition a retrospective cohort patients with ischemia, we prospectively studied 77 or documented embolism (or both). We also outcome systemic lupus erythematosus migraine equivalents general population. We found most important cause is atherosclerotic vascular disease predominant pathophysiologic mechanism from proximal lesion. However, there many other mechanisms need be considered differential diagnosis an individual patient. microemboli increases likelihood finding underlying athero-embolic hypothesize some play role Examples are: situ formation platelet-fibrin emboli, vasospasm, secondary microembolization cardiac embolus lodged vessel. Retinal visualized on funduscopic examination, can but more often detected individuals during routine ophthalmologic examination. symptomatic embolism, ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis, microemboli, early recurrent events common than suggesting differences. Patients who present at increased risk for events. Therefore, timely meticulous work-up cardio-vascular source indicated modifiable factors should carefully monitored treated these patients.