Classical liberalism and the Austrian school

作者: Ralph Raico

DOI: 10.4337/9780857934680.00058

关键词: Law and economicsIndividualismSocial orderPoliticsCivil societyEconomic liberalismSocial scienceIdeal typeLiberalismPolitical scienceClassical liberalism

摘要: ideal types recommends itself not as an end but a means.49 Ludwig Lachmann (who was dubious of its usefulness in economics, though history) comments on Max Weber’s concept: “The type is essentially measuring rod. . By indicating the magnitude approximation historical phenomenon to one or several our concepts we can order these phenomena” [Weber]. In other words, serves purpose ordering concrete phenomena terms their distance from it (Lachmann 1971: 26–27).50 48 Briefs states, his use “ideal-typical constructions,” that they “throw into relief essential basic ideas liberalism, without consideration qualifications be found individual authors, are logically enhanced and thought out end.” 49 Cf. Sadri 1992: 16 11–22: “a result one-sided accentuation stylization facts [it] warped lopsided, for carries more logical consistency less factual detail than reality represents; also because favors certain elements ‘relevant’ ‘significant’ exclusion others.” 50 See critique Israel M. Kirzner 1976: 158–59, Mises 1933: 71–88. The criticisms Lachmann, Kirzner, directed what Raymond Aron 1970: 246–47 identified third kind Weberian ideal-type, “rationalizing reconstructions particular 98 Classical Liberalism Austrian School liberalism should express coherent concept, based most characteristic distinctive liberal doctrine—what Weber refers “essential tendencies” (1949: 91).51 Historically, where monarchical absolutism had insisted state engine society necessary overseer religious, cultural, and, least, economic life subjects, posited starkly contrasting view: desirable regime which civil society—that is, whole social private property voluntary exchange—by large runs itself.52 For at least century half, idea rivals, power diminished grows, has been typical those recognized as—or accused of—being “dogmatic,” “doctrinaire,” “intransigent” liberals.53 behavior.” Here first kind, “ideal particulars,” being drawn on. 51 Hekman 1983: 32 stresses insistence observing “’logic’ inherent themselves. When states features make up will combined ‘according compatibility,’ point cannot thrown together arbitrary fashion. Ideal product whim fancy scientist, constructed concepts.” 52 Karlson 1993: 77, who writes modern meaning “as sphere outside distinct political state, emerges slowly eighteenth nineteenth centuries. One major influence came natural rights theorists, such Thomas Paine, who, inspired by Locke, argued actual governments continuously tend threaten freedom sociability society. this perspective best seen evil, viewed largely self-regulating good may reached.” Hegel retained contrast while loading former with negative connotation. attempts avoid he sees normative slant both approaches defines as: “the non-political relationships behavioral patterns between number interdependent actors within given territory. ‘non-political’ here meant arrangements, codes, institutions have evolved exist directly created, upheld enforced activities e.g. conventions, organizations, norms markets.” (Emphasis original) 53 Robert Skidelsky 1995: ix, collectivism—presumably opposite liberalism—as belief knows better market, improve spontaneous tendencies society, if suppressing them.” He describes egregious error twentieth century...this superior wisdom breeds pathologies deform, limit, destroy, economies it.” Liberalism: True False 99 commentator grasped Ralf Dahrendorf, scholars like James Buchanan, Milton Friedman, Nozick were reverting original [liberal] project asserting against market planning regulation, right overpowering authorities collectivities. Dahrendorf adds, significantly: “Liberalism anarchism, anarchism some ways extreme form liberalism” (1987: 174).54 Construction would draw emblematic expressions affirmation “society state.”55 Most succinct Physiocratic slogan, “Laissez-faire, laissezpasser, le monde va de lui-meme” (“the world goes itself”). Another Adam Smith: Little else requisite carry State highest degree opulence lowest barbarism, peace, easy taxes, tolerable administration justice; all rest brought about course things. All thwart course, force things another channel, endeavor arrest progress point, unnatural, support themselves obliged oppressive tyrannical. (Cited Stewart 1996: 68) Or statement Paine: Great part reigns among mankind effect government. It origin principles 54 Norman Barry 1996b: 58: “Economic finds ultimate conclusion doctrine anarcho-capitalism.” holds, however, welfare valid continuation program. 55 As wrote 1949: 95: “An situations, abstracted epoch, might—and indeed quite often case—have present minds persons living epoch striven practical maxim regulation relationships.” 100 constitution man. existed prior government, formality government abolished. (Paine 1969: 357) implications advice Benjamin Constant: Remain faithful justice, ages; respect freedom, prepares things; consent fact many develop you; entrust past own defense future accomplishment. (Constant

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