Life and death in wolverines

摘要: Developing trustworthy conservation planning for endangered species requires a deep understanding of the variations their populations in both space and time. I used individual-based long-term location demographic data on wolverines (Gulo gulo) Northern Sweden, reproductions from national monitoring systems Norway to analyze how wolverine demography Scandinavia is affected by variation habitat management policies. Wolverines showed agerelated patterns reproduction reproductive costs, which were influenced seasonal resources. The top predator Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) increase scavenging opportunities reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) carrion, selected same habitats when sharing prey base sources adult mortality. Illegal killing was main source mortality brown bears (Ursus arctos), northern risk being illegally killed general higher parks calving grounds, lower forest steep terrain. At population level, range set latitude elevation; presence lynx, rugged terrain primary production had positive effect; whereas human dominated negatively frequency reproductions. Different policies reproductions; Sweden this 2 times than Norway. Finally, show that female killed at rates males. Thus, Swedish carnivore payment system, pays reproductions, protects segment most important growth. Carnivores impose negative impact rural economies herding cultures Scandinavia, there will be need continued combined with economic incentives ensure carnivore-human coexistence. approach linking life histories has potential in-depth studies mechanisms shaping spatial temporal populations, should implemented future adaptive persistence.